1st Edition
Cryogenic Heat Management Technology and Applications for Science and Industry
Cryogenic engineering (cryogenics) is the production, preservation, and use or application of cold. This book presents a comprehensive introduction to designing systems to deal with heat – effective management of cold, exploring the directing (or redirecting), promoting, or inhibiting this flow of heat in a practical way. It provides a description of the necessary theory, design methodology, and advanced demonstrations (thermodynamics, heat transfer, thermal insulation, fluid mechanics) for many frequently occurring situations in low-temperature apparatus. This includes systems that are widely used such as superconducting magnets for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-energy physics, fusion, tokamak and free electron laser systems, space launch and exploration, and energy and transportation use of liquid hydrogen, as well as potential future applications of cryo-life sciences and chemical industries.
The book is written with the assumption that the reader has an undergraduate understanding of thermodynamics, heat transfer, and fluid mechanics, in addition to the mechanics of materials, material science, and physical chemistry. Cryogenic Heat Management: Technology and Applications for Science and Industry will be a valuable guide for those researching, teaching, or working with low-temperature or cryogenic systems, in addition to postgraduates studying the topic.
Key features:
- Presents simplified but useful and practical equations that can be applied in estimating performance and design of energy-efficient systems in low-temperature systems or cryogenics
- Contains practical approaches and advanced design materials for insulation, shields/anchors, cryogen vessels/pipes, calorimeters, cryogenic heat switches, cryostats, current leads, and RF couplers
- Provides a comprehensive introduction to the necessary theory and models needed for solutions to common difficulties and illustrates the engineering examples with more than 300 figures
Preface
QuanSheng Shu, James Fesmire, Jonathan Demko
Introduction
James Fesmire, QuanSheng Shu, Jonathan Demko
Chapter 1. Heat Transfer at Low Temperatures
Jonathan Demko, James Fesmire, Quansheng Shu
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Review of thermodynamics
1.3 Thermodynamic cycles
1.4 The Carnot Cycle
1.5 Conduction heat transfer
1.6 Convection heat transfer
1.7 Thermal radiation heat transfer
1.8 Gas conduction
1.9 Boiling and condensation
1.10 Application of heat transfer to heat management
Chapter 2. Thermal Insulation Materials and Systems
James Fesmire, Quansheng Shu, Jonathan Demko
2.1 Introduction to thermal insulation
2.1.1 Three key questions
2.1.2 Full range vacuum-pressure
2.2 Types of thermal insulation systems
2.3 Calculations, testing, and materials
2.3.1 Calculations of heat transmission
2.3.2 Overview of testing of cryogenic insulation systems
2.3.3 Overview of Insulation Materials Data
2.3.4 Structural-thermal materials data
2.4 Engineered system analysis approach
2.4.1 Comparative analysis of example systems
2.4.2 The insulation quality factor in system design
2.4.3 Methodology and key to success
2.5 Aerogels and aerogel-based systems
2.5.1 Aerogel Materials
2.5.1.1 Comparisons of aerogel and MLI systems
2.5.1.2 Aerogels for Non-Vacuum Cryogenic Applications at 20 K
2.5.1.3 Aerogels for High-Temperature and Flammability Resistant Applications
2.5.2 Experimental method and apparatus for aerogels testing
2.5.3 Cryogenic-vacuum test results for aerogels
2.5.4 Thermal Analysis of Aerogels (Estimating for Different Boundary Temperatures)
2.6 Bulk-Fill Insulation Materials
2.6.1 Bulk-Fill Materials Cryostat Test Preparations
2.6.2 Bulk-Fill Materials Cryogenic-Vacuum Test Data
2.6.3 Analysis and Discussion of Bulk-Fill Materials
2.7. GLASS BUBBLES THERMAL INSULATION SYSTEMS
2.7.1 Different Applications of Glass Bubbles in Cryogenic Insulation Systems
2.7.2 Material Testing and Thermal Performance Data
2.7.3 Cryogenic Tank Testing with Glass Bubbles Insulation
2.7.4 Implementation of Glass Bubbles Insulation for LH2 Storage Tanks
2.8. FIBERGLASS INSULATION SYSTEMS
2.9. FOAM INSULATION SYSTEMS
2.9.1 Spray-On Foam Insulation (SOFI) Materials
2.9.2 Environmental Exposures of SOFI Materials
2.9.3 Thermal Performance Test Data for SOFI Materials
2.9.4 Cryogenic Moisture Uptake in Insulation Systems
Chapter 3. Multilayer Insulation (MLI) Systems
James Fesmire, Quansheng Shu, Jonathan Demko
3.1 Introduction to MLI systems
3.1.1 Advantage and application of MLI systems
3.1.2 What is the best MLI?
3.1.3 Vacuum-pressure dependency
3.2 MLI AND VACUUM
3.3 MLI MATERIALS
3.3.1 System Variation with Different Reflectors and Spacers
3.3.2 Classical Thermal Performance of MLI Systems
3.4 CALCULATION OF MLI THERMAL PERFORMANCE
3.4.1 Lockheed Equations
3.4.2 Equation by McIntosh
3.4.3 Hybrid Approach
3.4.4 Empirical Equation by CERN LHC
3.5 ENERGY SAVING: MLI WITH INTERMEDIATE SHIELDS
3.5.1 Basic Principle and Typical Configurations
3.5.2 Demonstration of Energy Saving by Intermediate Shields
3.5.3 Design Methodology of Intermediate Shields with MLI Systems
3.6 THERMAL PERFORMANCE OF MLI SYSTEMS
3.6.1 Description of MLI Test Specimens
3.6.2 Cryostat Test Data for Select MLI Systems
3.6.3 Supporting Cryostat Test Data for Other MLI Systems
3.7 DISCUSSION OF MLI THERMAL PERFORMANCE
3.71. General Performance Considerations
3.7.2 Detailed Performance Considerations
3.7.3 Effects of System Requirements
3.8 EFFECT OF NUMBER OF LAYERS AND LAYER DENSITY
3.8.1 Layer Density Estimation and Analysis
3.8.2 Practical Rules for Installation
3.9 COMPARISON OF DATA TO THERMAL MODEL
3.10 MLI PERFORMANCE BELOW 77 K
3.10.1 MLI Performance for 77 K to 4.2 K
3.10.2 MLI Performance for 65 K to 6 K
3.10.3 MLI Performance Test for 260 K – 19 K
3.10.4 Other Experimental Studies Down to 4K
3.11 CHALLENGES AND REMEDIES IN REAL MLI SYSTEMS
3.11.1 Greatly Unexpected Heat Fluxes Through Crack/Slot
3.11.2 Shu’s Enhanced Black Cavity Model for MLI with Crack/Slot
3.11.3 Patches Covering Technique for Remedy of MLI Performance
3.11.4 Engineering Remedy for MLI with Many Joins/Seams
3.11.5 MLI Configuration of Joints/Seams and Testing Results (300 K to 20 K)
3.11.6 Patches Covering Method for 4 K Surfaces
3.12 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS
3.12.1 Eight Experiments for T Distributions
3.12.2 Temperature (T) Distributions
3.12.3 Calculation of Local Equivalent Thermal Conductivity
3.13 MLI COMPOSITES, HYBRIDS, AND STRUCTURAL ATTACHMENTS
3.13.1 Ideal MLI versus Practical MLI
3.13.2 Additional Considerations of MLI Systems
3.13.3 Layered Composite Insulation Systems
3.13.4 Thermal Test Results of LCI Systems
3.13.5 Application and Discussion of LCI Systems
3.14 DEMONSTRATION OF SUCCESSFUL MLI SYSTEMS
3.14.1 MLI System for Space Exploration
3.14.2 MLI System for Space Science Mission and Payload Applications
3.14.3 MLI Systems for Superconducting Accelerators
3.14.4 MLI System for Fusion Project
Chapter 4. Thermally Efficient Support Structures for Cryogenics
Jonathan Demko, Quansheng Shu, James Fesmire
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Basic design and mechanical considerations
4.2.1 General consideration
4.2.1 Mechanical consideration
4.3 MATERIALS
4.4 THERMAL OPTIMIZATION
4.4.1 Mathematical Analyses for Optimization
4.4.2 Thermal Optimization with Computing Codes
4.5 SUPPORTS FOR PIPE AND PIPE-COMPLEX
4.5.1 Ring Supports for Cryogenic Fluid Transfer Pipes
4.5.2 Thermal Simulation of Ring Support Designs
4.5.3 Other Advanced Supports for Cryogenic Pipe
4.6 SUPPORTS FOR CRYOGENIC VESSEL & SIMILAR COLDMASS
4.6.1 Rod Supports for Large Tanks and Cold Masses
4.6.2 Tubular Supports for Medium and Small Vessels
4.6.3 Stacks Support of Plate Disks
4.6.4 Support Rings for Cryogenic Vessel
4.6.5 Similar Supports Utilized for SC Cold Mas
4.7 COMPRESSION & TENSION POST SUPPORTS
4.7.1 Reentrant Post Support
4.7.2 Single Tube Compression Post for Heavy SC Magnets
4.7.3 Single Tube Tension Post for Heavy SRF Cavities
4.8 SUPPORTS FOR LONG COLDMASS WITH VERY LARGE WARM BORE
4.8.1 Supports of Fermilab CDF Magnet
4.8.2 Supports for CMS and ATLAS Magnets
4.9 CONTACT-FREE SUPPORTS WITH MAGNETIC LEVITATION
4.9.1 HTS Maglev Support for Cryogenic Transfer Line and Vessel
4.9.2 HTS Maglev Support for Bearing and Flywheel
Chapter 5. Thermal Anchors and Shields
Jonathan Demko, Quansheng Shu, James Fesmire
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thermal shields
5.2.1 Passive thermal shields
5.2.2 Actively cooled thermal shields
5.3 Thermal shields for SC magnets and SRF cavities
5.4 Dewar thermal shields
5.5 Thermal shield in magnetic field
5.5.1 Thermal shields and anchors in varying magnetic fields
5.6 Thermal shields with cryocooler
5.7 Cryogenic shields for cold mass below 1K
5.8 Thermal Anchors
5.8.1 Thermal anchors for structural components
5.8.2 Thermal shields for cryogenic sensors and wires
5.8.3 Thermal Anchors for RF Instruments
5.8.4 Thermal anchors for current leads and superconductor joints.
Chapter 6. Cryogenic Transfer Piping and Storage Vessels
Quansheng Shu, James Fesmire, Jonathan Demko
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cryogenic transfer pipes
6.2.1 Cryogenic pipes with Foams, Fibrous and Powders
6.2.2 Cryogenic Pipes with Aerogel & Aerogel Layer Composites
6.2.3 Cryogen Pipe with VJ + MLI
6.2.4 Cryogenic Transfer Pipe with Mag-Lev Suspension
6.3 Complex pipeline with multi channels & cryogens
6.3.1 ITER cryogenic pipeline system
6.3.2 LHC cryogenic pipeline system
6.3.3 Other example: complex multichannel pipes
6.4 Connection (bayonet) for cryogenic pipe
6.4.1 Traditional bayonet
6.4.2 LH2 bayonets for field join
6.4.3 Interconnection for cryogenic multichannel pipes
6.5 Thermal test of cryogenic transfer pipe
6.5.1 Boil-off test (static) method
6.5.2 Enthalpy difference (dynamic) method
6.6 Regular cryogenic storage vessels
6.6.1 Storage vessel insulated by MLI
6.6.2 Storage vessel insulated by powder
6.6.3 Other interesting Topics
6.7. Extra-large tank for LO2, LN2 & LH2
6.7.1 Extra-large tank with perlite, glass bobbles, aerogel
6.7.2 Extra-Large Tank with Multilayer Insulation
6.7.3 Extra-Large Cryogenic Movable Tank
6.8. Diagnoses & modification of extra-large tank on FIELD
6.8.1 Diagnosis, refill and return to service of a poorly performing LH2 tank
6.8.2 Improve & Modification of Ultra Large LH2 Tank on Field
6.9. Zero boil-off ultra large LH2 tank
6.9.1 IRAS Zero Boil-off Methodology
6.9.2 Advantage & Challenge
6.9.3 Design & Construction of Heat Exchanger
6.9.4 Integration, Test & Conclusion
6.10. Extra-large LHe storage tanks
6.10.1 CERN’s Ultra large LHe Storage Tanks
6.10.2 ITER Ultra Large LHe Storage Tanks
6.11. Large LNG storage & shipping tanks
Chapter 7. Vacuum Techniques
James Fesmire, Quansheng Shu, Jonathan Demko
7.1 Definition of Vacuum
7.2 Vacuum System Basics
7.3 Levels of Vacuum
7.4 Vacuum Pumping
7.5 Vacuum Equipment and Troubleshooting
7.6 Vacuum Measurement
7.7 Temperature Measurement and Vacuum
7.8 Large-Scale Vacuum Systems for Cryogenic Applications
7.9 Thermal Isolation and Vacuum
7.10 Vacuum and Thermal Shields
7.11 Vacuum Chambers for Testing
Chapter 8. Cryogenic Calorimeters for Testing
of Thermal Insulation Materials and Systems
Quansheng Shu, James Fesmire, Jonathan Demko
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Cylindrical boiloff calorimeter
8.2.1. 300 – 77K cylindrical boiloff calorimeter (CBC)
8.2.2. CBMC between 77K – 4K
8.2.3. CBMC between 60 K - 20 K to 4 K
8.3 Flat plate boiloff calorimeters (FPBC)
8.3.1. FPBC with cryogen guard vessel
8.3.2. FPBC without cryogen guard vessel
8.3.3. Macroflash Boil-off Calorimeter (Commercially Available)
8.4. Thermal conductive meter calorimeter (TCMC)
8.4.1. TCMC With Cylindrical Insulation Specimen
8.4.2. TCMC With Flat Plat Insulation Specimen
8.5. Special multipurpose calorimeter for MLI
8.5.1. Fermilab special multipurpose calorimeter
8.5.2. Calorimeter for Penetration through MLI
8.6. Spherical calorimetric tank
8.7. Cryogenic heat management with calorimeters
8.7.1 Small Scale Testing of MLI
8.7.2. Large scale implementation and testing of MLI
8.7.3. Testing of support structure to the propellant tank
8.7.4. System Test
Chapter 9. Cryogenic Heat Switches for Thermal Management
Quansheng Shu, Jonathan Demko, James Fesmire
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Superconducting cryogenic heat switch (SCHS)
9.2.1. Thermal conductivity of superconductors
9.2.2 Design & application of SCHS
9.3. Magneto-resistive heat switch (MRHS)
9.3.1. Change of Thermal Conductivity
9.3.2. MRHS Development
9.4 Shape memory alloy heat switch (SMAHS)
9.4.1 Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)
9.4.2 SMA Training for Cryogenic Application
9.4.3 Design and Development of SMAHS
9.5 Maglev-smart bimetal heat switch (ML-SBMHS)
9.5.1 Maglev with HTS-PM
9.5.2 Smart Bimetal Heat Switch (SBMHS)
9.5.3 Design & Test of 6-m Cryogenic Transfer Line with Maglev & SBMHS
9.6. Differential thermal expansion heat switch (DTE-HS)
9.6.1. DTE-HS working principle
9.6.2. Design and Test of DTE-HS
9.7 Piezo heat switch (PZHS)
9.8 Cryogenic heat pipe (CHP)
9.8.1. Cryogenic loop heat pipe (CLHP)
9.8.2. Pulsating heat pipe (PHP)
9.8.3. Spacecraft applications of CHP
9.9 Cryogenic diode heat switch (CDHS)
9.10 Concept of gas gap heat switch (GGHS)
9.11 H2, Ne and N2 GGHS
9.12 4He and 3He heat switches
9.12.1. GGHS for cryogen-free magnet system
9.12.2. GGHS Below 4-K
9.12.3. Low power, fast-response active GGHS below 4-K
9.13 Passively operated GGHS
Chapter 10. Current Leads for Superconducting Equipment
Jonathan Demko, Quansheng Shu, James Fesmire
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Short Duration Overcurrent Heating
10.2 Current leads for high energy physics magnets
10.3 Current leads for MRI magnets
10.4 Current leads for fusion magnets
10.5 Current leads for superconducting power applications
10.6 Current leads with special features
10.7 Summary and conclusions
Chapter 11. RF Power Input & HOM Coupler for Superconducting Cavity
Quansheng Shu, Jonathan Demko, James Fesmire
11.1 Introduction
11.2 High RF power input coupler (RFIC)
11.3 Coaxial high RF power input coupler
11.3.1 General Design Consideration
11.3.2 Key Elements of Coaxial RFIC
11.3.3 Design & Thermal Optimization
11.3.4 Tests in Full RF Power
11.4 Coaxial RFIC with SRF cavity in cryomodule
11.5 Waveguide (WG) high RF power input coupler
11.5.1 General Features of Waveguide RFIC
11.5.2 Heat Flow Intercept
11.5.3 Waveguide RFIC with SRF Cavity in Cryostat
11.6 High order mode (HOM) coupler
11.7 Coaxial HOM coupler
11.7.1 Design Consideration
11.7.2 General Thermal Analyses
11.7.3 Examples of Coaxial HOM Coupler
11.8 Waveguide (WG) HOM coupler
11.8.1 Advantages of WG HOM Coupler
11.8.2 Early WG HOM Coupler
11.8.3 WG HOM Coupler for High Beam Current
11.9 HOM beam tube (BT) damper
11.9.1 General Consideration and Absorber Materials
11.9.2 HOM BT Damper at Room Temperature
11.9.3 HOM BT Damper at Cryogenic Temperature
Chapter 12. Special Cryostat for Laboratory and Space Exploration
James Fesmire, Quansheng Shu, Jonathan Demko
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methods cooling samples/apparatus in cryostats
12.3 Configurations of cryostat for sample/apparatus
12.3.1 Vertical Top-load Cryostat (VTLC)
12.3.2 Other Special Configurations of Cryostats
12.4 General considerations of cryostat thermal design
12.4.1 Reduction of Solid Thermal Conduction
12.4.2 Minimization of Radiation Heat
14.4.3 Eliminate Gas Convection and Gas Conduction
12.5 Cryostat with cryogen bath for lab-test
12.5.1 Classical Cryostat with Cryogen Both
12.5.2 Vertical LHe II Cryostat for Magnet Test
12.5.3 Horizontal LHe Test Cryostat
12.5.4 Cryogen Bath Cryostat with Warm Bore
12.5.5 Compact LHe Bath Test Cryostat
12.6 Cryogen free cryostat for lab-test
12.6.1 Cryocooler Cooled Cryostat with Warm Bore
12.6.2 Pulse Tube Cooled Cryostat for Laser/Neutron Experiment
12.7 Cryostat with combined cooling for lab-test
12.7.1 Cryostat with LHe Bath/Cryocooler Re-condenser
12.7.2 LHe II Bath Cryostat with Cryocooler Closed Loop
12.7.3 Special Inserting Cryostat for Applications with Another Background Cryostat
12.7.4 Cryostat Cooled with Continuing Flow Cryogen
12.8 Challenges and consideration of space cryostats
12.9 Space cryostat with cryogen bath
12.9.1 Solid H2 Cryostat for Space WISE Mission
12.9.2 He II Bath Cryostat for HSO Space Mission
12.10 Space cryostat cooled by cryocooler
12.10.1 Cryocooler Subsystem for MIRI Mission
12.10.2 Cooling and Heat Rejection on Planck Spacecraft
12.11 Cryostat for applications below 1 K
12.11.1 Cryostat for Test Below 1 K with Dilution Refrigerator
12.10.2 Sub-Kelvin 3He Sorption Cryostat for Large Angle Optical Access
12.12 Cryostats for Bio-medical applications
12.12.1 Biological Cryostat for Contamination-Free Long-Distance Transfer
12.12.2 Zero Boil-Off Cryostat for SC MEG
Chapter 13. Demonstrations of Heat Management for Large-Scale Applications
Quansheng Shu, James Fesmire, Jonathan Demko
13.1 LHe – Best Cryogen for Large SC Machines
13.1.1 Rapid Development of Large LTS Projects/Machines
13.1.2 Liquide He – The Only Practical Cryogen for Large LTS Machines
13.1.3 Optimized LHe Operational Points for Best SC Machines Cooling
13.1.4 Continuing Improvement of Thermal Efficiency
13.2 Large Cryogenic Machines Based on SC Magnets
13.2.1 Common Features and Challenges
13.2.2 LHC - The Largest SC Accelerator in the World
13.2.3 From Tevatron to Other Large SC Machines
13.3 Large Cryogenic Machines Based on SRF Technology
13.3.1 General consideration of SRF Technology based Machine
13.3.2 XFEL – The Largest Cryogenic Machine Based on SRF Cavities
13.3.3 Other Advanced Machines Based on SRF Technologies
13.4 Superconducting Fusion Machines & Cryogenics
13.4.1 Development of Superconducting Fusion Machines
13.4.2 ITER – The World Largest SC Fusion Machine
13.4.3 Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST)
13.5 Advanced Applications of H2
13.6 Propulsion Fuel of Space Launch & Exploration
13.6.1 New Space Launch System
13.6.2 Formation of Hydrogen storage.
13.7 Liquefied Natural Gas
13.8 High Temperature Superconducting Power
Appendices A-B
James Fesmire et al
Appendices C-D
Jonathan Demko et al
Index
Nomenclature
Biography
Jonathan A. Demko began his career in industry with the X-30 National Aerospace Plane (NASP) thermal management. He transitioned to the Super Collider Laboratory Cryogenics Department and then the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, developing cryogenics for high temperature superconducting (HTS) power equipment. He is Professor of Mechanical Engineering with LeTourneau University in Texas.
James E. Fesmire, renowned expert in cryogenic systems design and thermal insulation, is President of Energy Evolution LLC, Chief Architect and CTO of GenH2 Corp. He is founder of the Cryogenics Test Laboratory at Kennedy Space Center (NASA-retired). Distinctions include the NASA Distinguished Service Medal, an R&D 100 Award, 20 US Patents, and inductee of the NASA Inventors Hall of Fame.
Quan-Sheng Shu is a leading expert in cryogenics; has authored four monographs and over 100 papers on cryogenics and superconductivity; and served as a board director of the Cryogenic Engineering Conference and IIR -A1 Secretary. His technically innovative achievements include HTS Cryo-Maglev, SRF cavity, MLI, and Special Cryostat at Fermilab, SSC Lab, Cornell University, DESY, and Zhejiang University.
The book titled Cryogenic Heat Management recently published by CRC, Taylor & Francis, is a very useful reference for scientists and engineers working with low temperatures and facing the variety of problems of heat management. This field is huge and span from high energy physics experiments to space technology, from the transport and storing of liquid gasses to their management by the final users. Depending on the application in term of temperature, size and project specifications very different solutions have been implemented making use of a large variety of materials and technologies.
Based on their great experience in the field, after a clear introduction on heat transfer, the authors address in the first chapters of the book the general problem of cryogenic heat management discussing separately a few common topics: insulation, supports, thermals shields, transfer pipes, storage vessels and vacuum. This choice looks very efficient and makes clear the comparison among the different solutions, each one tightly linked to its specific project. Comparative tables, pictures, and schematics, together with a consistent bibliography, are guiding the reader. In each chapter the specific common topic is addressed through real examples from first-class applications taken from aerospace, large science infrastructures and nuclear fusion, but also from the management and clean transport of the huge quantity of Liquid Natural Gas around the world. Comparison with more common applications in medicine and industry are always part of the discussion.
The second part of the book, from chapter 8 to chapter 13, is dedicated to instrumentation, cryogenic measurements, and a few special topics, discussing their importance and criticalities. I found of particular interest the discussion on current leads and RF couplers. These items are crucial in some important applications, but both represent an unavoidable penetration that creates a direct connection from the cold-mass and the room temperature. Finally, the description of thermal switches and special cryostats for extreme applications are noteworthy too. This final part of the book is very interesting and completes the knowledge transfer from the expert authors to the readers who are expected being involved in the design, choice, or operation of a cryogenic apparatus where the deep understanding of the cryogenic heat management is crucial.
- Professor Carlo Pagani, University of Milano and INFN Emeritus Scientist, 23/08/2022.
"This book is an excellent resource of cryogenic design theories and concepts from the thermophysical foundations to a broad spectrum of space, superconducting, and radio frequency cavity applications. A useful reference textbook with relevant and detailed references, it would also be an excellent undergraduate senior design or graduate-level advanced cryogenic design reference. The information this book provides would have saved me considerable time in previous cryogenic design projects; I look forward to using it frequently in the years to come.
Having focused on cryogenics and applied superconductivity since my college years, I am grateful to have spent time with each of the authors. Their style and experience, which I have had the privilege of seeing in action, come across clearly within this book. They have put together a diverse collection of cryogenic applications and resources that I would gladly recommend to any new staff member or engineer in the field looking to design cryogenic equipment. This book won’t solve all their issues or mine because we are fortunate to have a strong and growing international cryogenic manufacturing community. However, it will provide a great starting point for asking better questions and getting to more timely solutions."
— Robert Duckworth, Senior R&D Staff & Fusion Technology Group Leader, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, for the Cryogenic Society Association (Autumn, 2022)
"Cryogenics plays important roles in fundamental physics research and many high-tech applications. Mastering the cryogenic knowledge and related technologies is very much like solving a Jigsaw puzzle. Books and literatures covering different aspects in this field and with different styles form the basic pieces. Through reading, generalization, analysis and critical thinking, readers can piece up a relatively complete picture of a specified area and thus upgrade to a higher level. As one of the precious pieces, the book contains rich knowledge and experiences from three renowned experts in this field. The topic covers cryogenic thermal control, thermal insulation, heat calorimeter and typical engineering applications. Meanwhile, the book also introduces heat switches, superconducting technologies (high current leads, RF high-power coupler, etc.) and some most recent developments closely related to cryogenics (Superconducting accelerators, Tokamaks, FEL, Space sciences etc.). While containing necessary fundamental knowledge, the key feature of the book is its focus on practical applications. With more than 300 hundred engineering figures and photos and lots of experimental data, the book serves as a very valuable source for senior and post-graduate students, Professor, researchers and engineers."
—Professor Wai Dai, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Cryogenic Heat Management provides a sound layout that serves a range of readers, from students and early-career engineers or scientists interested in an introduction to the topic to senior-level personnel interested in the content of a specific chapter. For those starting out, a refresher on basic thermodynamic and heat transfer concepts (Ch. 1) and insulation theory and applications (Ch. 2 and 3) is provided before the authors put forth different applications in the later chapters. These chapters stand alone well as each has its own brief introduction before working through examples that cover space-related and large-scale applications of large helium, hydrogen or nitrogen cryogenic systems. The authors represent the technical details and motivation behind different theories and approaches to each topic well, with timely illustrations, examples and relevant references at the end of each chapter. The reasonable number of references encourages further exploration without the possibility of going down too many rabbit holes. The diversity of cryogenic topics across these chapters is of great value; the authors address topics that are often consolidated in higher-level design treatments, where their enjoyable details can be lost.
Having focused on cryogenics and applied superconductivity since my college years, I am grateful to have spent time with each of the authors. Their style and experience, which I have had the privilege of seeing in action, come across clearly in this book and in a diverse collection of cryogenic applications and resources that I would gladly recommend to any new staff member or engineer in the field looking to design cryogenic equipment. This book won’t solve all their issues or mine because we are fortunate to have a strong and growing international cryogenic manufacturing community. However, it will provide a great starting point for asking better questions and getting to more timely solutions.
--Robert Duckworth, CSA member, Senior R&D Staff & Fusion Technology Group Leader, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Cold Facts, October 2022.
Cryogenic Heat Management is a very useful reference for scientists and engineers working with low temperatures and facing the various obstacles of heat management. This field is huge and spans from high energy physics experiments to space technology and from the transport and storing of liquid gases to their management by the final users. Depending on the application in terms of temperature, size and project specifications, different solutions have been implemented, making use of a large variety of materials and technologies. Based on their great experience in the field and after a clear introduction on heat transfer, the authors address in the first chapters of the book the general problem of cryogenic heat management by discussing separately a few common topics: insulation, supports, thermal shields, transfer pipes, storage vessels and vacuum. This choice is quite efficient and makes clear the comparison among the different solutions, each one tightly linked to its specific project.
Comparative tables, pictures and schematics, together with a consistent bibliography, guide the reader. In each chapter, the specific common topic is addressed through real examples from first-class applications taken from aerospace, large science infrastructures, and from nuclear fusion, but they also draw from the management and clean transport of the huge quantity of Liquefied Natural Gas found around the world. Comparison with more common applications in medicine and industry are always part of the discussion.
The second part of the book (chapters 8-13) is dedicated to instrumentation, cryogenic measurements and a few special topics, discussing their importance and crucialities. I found of particular interest the discussion on current leads and RF couplers. These items are crucial in some important applications, but both represent an unavoidable penetration that creates a direct connection from the cold-mass and the room temperature. Finally, the description of thermal switches and special cryostats for extreme applications are noteworthy as well. This final part of the book is very interesting and completes the knowledge transfer from the expert authors to the readers, who are expected to be involved in the design, choice or operation of a cryogenic apparatus where a deep understanding of cryogenic heat management is crucial.
--Professor Carlo Pagani, University of Milano and INFN Emeritus Scientist, Cold Facts, October 2022.
