1st Edition
Educational Expansion and the Promise of Social Mobility in a Postcolonial Context The Case of Pakistan
Author’s Acknowledgements
Editors’ Acknowledgements
List of Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
Permissions
Editors’ Prologue: Madeleine Arnot, Joe Devine, Hugh Lauder, Mathilde Maîtrot and Geof Wood
Foreword: Kamal Munir, Deputy Vice-Chancellor (University Community and Engagement) and Professor of Strategy and Policy, University of Cambridge
PART I: RECONCEPTUALISING SOCIAL MOBILITY IN SOUTHERN CONTEXTS: A SOCIO-ECONOMIC LENS
Chapter 1 The educational promise: An introduction
Internationalising the educational promise
Structure of the book
Chapter 2 Conceptualising and researching social mobility in Southern poverty contexts
Conceptualising intergenerational social mobility
Models of socially bounded rationality: Boudon, Bourdieu and social closure theory
Intergenerational mobility research in the Global South
Social mobility within a pentagonal rural social structure
Towards a new model
PART II: PROMOTING EDUCATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MOBILITY IN PAKISTAN
Chapter 3 The opening up of educational opportunities: economic agendas and educational policies (1947-2017)
Inter-temporal policy analysis
Pervasive social inequality and shifting political agendas (1947-2010)
Economic growth through the education of the elite: the first two waves (1947-1969)
The third wave – political conflict and egalitarian ideals (1969-1988)
The fourth wave – international influences and the ‘drama of underdevelopment’ (1988-2010)
Pakistan’s economic and education development journey
Chapter 4 A socially- structured education mobility framework: intergenerational change between 1950 and 2014
Conceptualising the social structuring of rationality and educational mobility
Education as an institutional form of cultural capital and maximally maintained inequality (MMI)
The association between economic and cultural capital and intergenerational mobility matrics
Social structural pathways of education mobility and transmissions of inequality
Change over time
Concluding remarks: a socially structured educational mobility framework
Chapter 5 Intergenerational social mobility: Does education make a difference?
Education and social mobility: an empirical strategy
Household economic status: intergenerational transitions and mobility metrics
Parental schooling and intergenerational household social mobility
Returns to human capital and intergenerational mobility: an exploratory OLS regression analysis
Fixed effect model of intergenerational social mobility
Concluding remarks
Appendix 5.1: The variables used to analyse the national data
Appendix 5.2: Ordinary Least Squares Regression for the schooling of sons and daughters 2010 (complete sample)
PART III: THE EDUCATIONAL PROMISE: BREAKING OUT OF POVERTY STRUCTURES IN RURAL PUNJAB
Chapter 6 An embedded case study of a Punjab village
Finding the village, finding the families
Research instruments
Ethics in fieldwork
The return visit and the prospect of taraqqi [‘a better life’]
Building the Habitus Listening Guide
References
Chapter 7 Researching family lives, schooling and structural inequality: the power of the Habitus Listening Guide
Listening to the social structure: educational biographies in a field of power
Horizontal intergenerational listening: chronological educational narratives
Vertical gendered listenings: the internalisation of male domination
Mythic-ritual listening: a spiritual poem of fate and duty
The power of the Habitus Listening Guide
Chapter 8 Overriding social inequality? Educational aspirations versus material realities of rural families
Conceptualising aspirations in the rural social structure
Socially-structured meanings, norms and values
A sense of limits and sense of realities
Discussion
Chapter 9 More snakes than ladders: Mass schooling, social closure and the pursuit of taraqqi [‘a better life’]
Power relations, social closure and educational outcomes
Conclusion
Chapter 10 Between resistance and resignation: The educational, occupational and marital usurpationary strategies of disadvantaged families
Usurpational strategies of the disadvantaged
Using schooling within a socially-embedded labour market
Learning a trade and escaping the socialscape
Achieving inclusion within the networks of patronage
Investing in sacred capital (religious networks)
Maritocracy – differentiating educational strategies by gender.
Concluding remarks
Chapter 11. Rethinking the education promise: concluding thoughts about social mobility and the lives of the poor
Social mobility and educational provision: the official view
Intergenerational educational mobility
From educational to social mobility
From patterns to perspectives: taraqqi and schooling
Methodological and theoretical reflections
The impact of schooling on poverty: a theory of change
Arif Naveed’s Publications
Index
Biography
Arif Naveed, Senior Lecturer, Education and International Development, University of Bath, UK
Compiled and edited by:
Madeleine Arnot is Emerita Professor of Sociology of Education, Cambridge University, UK
Joe Devine is Professor of Development Studies, Department of Social and& Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK
Hugh Lauder is Professor of Education and Political Economy, University of Bath, UK
Mathilde Maîtrot is Senior Lecturer in International Development, University of Bath, UK
Geof Wood is Emeritus Professor of International Development, Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, UK
'This book is a brilliant example of the multi-modal scholarship that is required to truly excavate the complex relationship between education and social mobility. It offers a groundbreaking methodology to examine intergenerational social mobility in rural Pakistan, by listening deeply to the educational values, aspirations, experiences and strategies of families and households. These contextualised, polyvocal accounts are brought into conversation with policy histories and statistical evidence – creating a completely new approach to assess the ‘promise’ of education in relation to rural social structures in Pakistan. This book is essential reading to researchers and policy professionals who are looking to break from simplistic explanations of education’s social role.'
Arathi Sriprakash, Professor of Sociology and Education, University of Oxford, UK
'Arif Naveed was deeply committed to understanding the lives of Pakistan’s poorest citizens and the structures that shape their opportunities and aspirations. This posthumous volume reflects the full depth and maturity of his commitment, examining. the promise of educational expansion with intellectual rigour, empirical precision and genuine compassion. Schooling is not treated as a simple ladder out of poverty. Instead, land, caste, gender, patronage, household relations and local power structures are shown to shape the relationship between education and social mobility in rural Pakistan. Combining policy history, quantitative analysis and the lived experiences of families pursuing taraqqi, this book makes a significant contribution to development scholarship.'
Dr. Abid Qaiyum Suleri, Executive Director of the Sustainable Development Policy Institute, Chairman of National Disaster Management Fund, Pakistan.
'Educational expansion promises social mobility, even for the poor. But, does it fulfil this promise? This book makes a compelling case for rethinking modern society’s case for education – that it will lead to greater social mobility, even for the poor. The book offers a gripping reconceptualization of how educational expansion reshapes social structures within the complex realities of the Global South. A major contribution of this excellent read is its challenge to dominant frameworks and consideration of new analytical pathways to understand education’s transformative and sometimes contradictory effects in Pakistan. The book is ambitious in scope but grounded in empirical depth; it is an essential read for students, scholars, policy-makers and anyone who wish to understand if and how education can shape social transformation in postcolonial societies.'
Dr. Monazza Aslam, Managing Partner, Oxford Partnership for Education Research and Analysis (OPERA),UK
