Nanomagnetism: An Interdisciplinary Approach provides a core foundation for understanding magnetic quantum-size effects at the nanoscale and their many applications across the disciplines. This textbook will be a valuable guide for students in new interdisciplinary courses in nanomagnetism and magnetic nanomaterials, an area that has experienced immense growth in the last two decades due to advancements in sample preparation, nanopatterning techniques and magnetic measurement instrumentation.
The interdisciplinary nature of nanoscience also makes this book an ideal resource for scientists working in industrial laboratories and pharmaceutical and medical researchers looking to expand their understanding of the physics of magnetic probes.
Key Features
- Discusses physical, chemical and nanotemplating synthesis techniques for the production of magnetic nanoparticles
- Covers experimental techniques for the determination of the macroscopic and microscopic magnetization of nanoparticles
- Discusses the role of nanomagnetism in high-density magnetic recording media, nanostructured permanent magnets, MRI imaging enhancement and magnetically guided drug delivery
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION
PART I: Fundamental Concepts in Magnetism and Magnetic Materials
CHAPTER 1: The Magnetic Field
1.1 Overview and Historical Background
1.2 The Magnetic Field of a Current Carrying Wire
1.3 Solenoids and Uniform Magnetic Fields
1.4 The Lorentz Force and Cyclotron Motion
1.5 Magnetic Force on a Current Carrying Wire
1.6 The Magnetic Dipole Moment
1.6.1 Torque Considerations in a Uniform Magnetic Field
1.6.2 Energy Considerations in a Uniform Magnetic Field
1.6.3 Force Considerations in a Nonuniform Magnetic Field
1.7 Time Varying Currents and Maxwell’s Equations
1.8 Energy Stored in a Magnetic Field
CHAPTER 2: Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
2.1 Langevin Diamagnetism
2.2 Orbital and Spin Angular Momentum
2.2.1 Concepts from Classical Mechanics
2.2.2 Concepts from Quantum Mechanics
2.3 Atomic Magnetic Moments
2.4 Bound Currents and the Auxiliary Field
2.5 Magnetic Susceptibility
2.6 The Curie Law
2.7 Langevin Paramagnetism
2.8 Quantum Theory of Paramagnetism
2.9 The Effect of Crystalline Fields
CHAPTER 3: Long-Range Magnetic Order
3.1 The Curie-Weiss Law and the Weiss Molecular Field
3.2 The Exchange Interaction
3.3 Direct Exchange
3.3.1 Localized Moments and the Heisenberg Exchange Hamiltonian
3.3.2 Itinerant Electron Theory of Ferromagnetism
3.3.3 Antiferromagnetism
3.3.4 Ferrimagnetism
3.4 Indirect Exchange
3.4.1 Superexchange
3.4.2 The RKKY Interaction
3.5 Magnetic Microstructure
3.5.1 The Hysteresis Loop
3.5.2 The Demagnetizing Field
3.5.3 Magnetic Domains and Magnetic Domain Wall Formation
3.5.4 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy and Easy Axes of Magnetization
3.5.5 Magnetostatic Energy and Shape Anisotropy
3.5.6 Magnetostriction and Magnetoelastic Energy
CHAPTER 4: Single Magnetic Domain Particles
4.1 Critical Particle Size for Single Domain Behavior
4.2 Coercivity of Uniaxial Small Particles
4.3 Coherent Spin Rotation of Stoner and Wohlfarth Particles
4.4 Non-coherent Spin Rotation Modes
4.5 Size Dependence of Coercivity
4.6 Superparamagnetism
4.7 Collective Magnetic Excitations
4.8 Interparticle Interactions
4.9 Finite-Size Effects and Characteristic Length Scales
4.10 Surface Anisotropy
4.11 Core/Shell Nanostructures
4.12 Exchange Anisotropy
4.13 Magnetic Dimensionality
PART II: Production of Magnetic Nanoparticles
CHAPTER 5: Top-down Synthesis by Physical Methods
5.1 Particle Nucleation and Growth
5.1.1 Homogeneous Nucleation
5.1.2 Heterogeneous Nucleation
5.2 Gas-Phase Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles
5.2.1 Synthesis of Bare 3d-transition Metal Clusters by Pulsed Laser Ablation
5.2.2 Synthesis of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles by Vaporization-Deposition Techniques
5.3 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles by High Energy Ball Milling
CHAPTER 6: Bottom-up Synthesis by Chemical Methods
6.1 Particle Nucleation and Growth in Solution
6.2 Cluster Stabilization by Terminal Ligation
6.3 Particle Stabilization by Surfactant Molecules
6.4 Production of Metal Particles by Chemical Reduction of Metal Salts
6.5 Preparation of Metal and Metal Alloy Nanoparticles in Polyol Media
6.6 Preparation of Monodispersed Magnetic Nanoparticles Using Microemulsions
6.7 Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles in Inverse Micelles
6.8 Preparation of Iron Nanoparticles by the Thermal Decomposition of Iron Pentacarbonyl
6.8.1 Thermolytic Decomposition of Fe(CO)5
6.8.2 Sonochemical Decomposition of Fe(CO)5
6.9 Synthesis of Iron Oxide and Ferrite Magnetic Nanoparticles
6.9.1 Co-precipitation Reactions
6.9.2 Controlled Oxidation of Metal Iron Particles
CHAPTER 7: Biogenic Magnetic Nanoparticles
7.1 Biomineralization of Iron
7.2 Formation of Magnetic Nanoparticles by Bacteria
7.2.1 Physico-chemical Control of Fe3O4 Crystal Growth within Magnetosomes
7.3 Crystalline and Magnetic Properties of Magnetosomes Compared to Synthetic Magnetite Particles
7.4 Ferritin and its Dual Function in Biological Iron Regulation
7.4.1 Structure of the Ferritin Molecule
7.4.2 Nature of the Ferrihydrite Core
7.4.3 Recombinant HuHF and the Role of the Ferroxidase Center
7.5 Magnetic Properties of Ferritin
CHAPTER 8: Biomimetic Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.1 Electrostatic Interactions in Ferritin
8.2 Magnetoferritin: Fe3O4 / γ-Fe2O3 Grown within Apoferritin
8.2.1 Magnetic Properties of Magnetoferritin vs. Ferritin
8.2.2 Beyond Iron Oxides
8.2.3 Metal and Metal-Alloy Magnetic Nanoparticles
8.3 Exploring the Ferritin Superfamily
8.4 Other Protein Cages and Viral Capsids as Constrained Reaction Vehicles
8.5 Phage Display Technologies Applied to Magnetic Nanoparticle Synthesis
8.6 Future Promise and Prospects of Biomimetic Synthesis
PART III: Magnetometry
CHAPTER 9: Macromagnetic vs. Micromagnetic Characterization
9.1 Force Methods
9.1.1 The Faraday Balance
9.1.2 The Gouy Balance
9.1.3 The Alternating Field Gradient Magnetometer
9.2 Induction Methods
9.2.1 The Vibrating Sample Magnetometer
9.2.2 The SQUID Magnetometer
9.2.3 The AC Susceptometer
9.3 Magnetic Resonance Methods
9.3.1 Principal Components of EPR/FMR Spectrometers
9.3.2 EPR Spectroscopy
9.3.3 FMR Spectroscopy
9.3.4 Mössbauer Spectroscopy
PART IV: Applications across the Disciplines
CHAPTER 10: Magnetic Recording Media
10.1 The Principles of Magnetic Recording
10.2 Particulate Magnetic Recording Media
10.3 Granular Magnetic Recording Media
10.4 The Transition from Parallel to Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Media
10.5 Bit Patterned Magnetic Recording Media
10.6 GMR, TMR and the Dawn of Spintronics
CHAPTER 11: Permanent Magnets
11.1 Introduction to Permanent Magnetism
11.2 Maximum Energy Product
11.3 Evolution of Permanent Magnet Materials
11.3.1 Steel Based Magnets
11.3.2 Alnico Magnets
11.3.3 Ferrite Magnets
11.3.4 Rare-earth Based Magnets
11.4 Future Permanent Magnet Materials
11.4.1 Exchange-coupled Hard/Soft Magnetic Phases: the Exchange-Spring Magnet
11.4.2 Magnetization Reversal in Exchange-Spring Magnets
CHAPTER 12: Biomedical Applications of Nanomagnetism
12.1 Biocompatibility and Functionalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles
12.2 In Vitro Applications
12.2.1 Magnetic Separation
12.2.2 Theoretical Considerations
12.2.3 Continuous Flow and Microfluidic Magnetic Separators
12.3 In Vivo Applications
12.3.1 Avoiding the Mononuclear Phagocytic System
12.3.2 Magnetically guided drug delivery
12.3.3 Cell-Receptor Recognition Targeted Drug Delivery
12.4 Magnetofection
12.5 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia
12.5.1 General Thermodynamic Considerations
12.5.2 Magnetic Thermodynamic Parameters
12.5.3 Response of a Ferrofluid to an Alternating Magnetic Field
12.5.4 Relaxation Times
12.6 Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia for Cancer Therapy
12.7 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents
12.7.1 Principles of Magnetic Resonance Imaging
12.7.2 Mode of Action of Superparamagnetic Contrast Agents
12.7.3 Relaxivity of contrast agents
AFTERWORD
APPENDIX
Biography
Georgia C. Papaefthymiou, a graduate of Columbia University in the City of New York, is Professor of Physics at Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania, and visiting research scientist at the National Center for Scientific Research (NCSR) Demokritos, Athens, Greece. She is the recipient of the Marie Curie Chair of Excellence award from the European Union, the CAPES award from the Ministry of Education of Brazil and the Fulbright Scholar award from the Department of State of the United States.
.
