1st Edition
Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications
Physical layer security has recently become an emerging technique to complement and significantly improve the communication security of wireless networks. Compared to cryptographic approaches, physical layer security is a fundamentally different paradigm where secrecy is achieved by exploiting the physical layer properties of the communication system, such as thermal noise, interference, and the time-varying nature of fading channels.
Written by pioneering researchers, Physical Layer Security in Wireless Communications supplies a systematic overview of the basic concepts, recent advancements, and open issues in providing communication security at the physical layer. It introduces the key concepts, design issues, and solutions to physical layer security in single-user and multi-user communication systems, as well as large-scale wireless networks.
The book starts with a brief introduction to physical layer security. The rest of the book is organized into four parts based on the different approaches used for the design and analysis of physical layer security techniques:
- Information Theoretic Approaches: introduces capacity-achieving methods and coding schemes for secure communication, as well as secret key generation and agreement over wireless channels
- Signal Processing Approaches: covers recent progress in applying signal processing techniques to design physical layer security enhancements
- Game Theoretic Approaches: discusses the applications of game theory to analyze and design wireless networks with physical layer security considerations
- Graph Theoretic Approaches: presents the use of tools from graph theory and stochastic geometry to analyze and design large-scale wireless networks with physical layer security constraints
Presenting high-level discussions along with specific examples, illustrations, and references to conference and journal articles, this is an ideal reference for postgraduate students, researchers, and engineers that need to obtain a macro-level understanding of physical layer security and its role in future wireless communication systems.
Fundamentals of Physical Layer Security
Information-Theoretic Secrecy
Shannon’s Cipher System and Perfect Secrecy
Information-Theoretic Secrecy Metrics
Secret Communication Over Noisy Channels
Wiretap Channel Model
Coding Mechanisms for Secret Communication
Secret-Key Generation from Noisy Channels
Channel Model for Secret-Key Generation
Coding Mechanisms for Secret-Key Generation
Conclusion
References
Coding for Wiretap Channels
Coding for the Wiretap Channel II
Basics of Error Correcting Codes
Wiretap II Codes
Wiretap Coding with Polar Codes
Polar Codes
Polar Wiretap Codes
Coding for Gaussian Wiretap Channels
Error Probability and Secrecy Gain
Unimodular Lattice Codes
Conclusion
References
LDPC Codes for the Gaussian Wiretap Channel
Channel Model and Basic Notions
Coding for Security
Asymptotic Analysis
Optimized Puncturing Distributions
Reducing SNR Loss
Finite Block Lengths
System Aspects
Concluding Remarks
References
Key Generation From Wireless Channels
Introduction
Information Theoretic Models for Key Generation
Key Generation via Unlimited Public Discussion
Key Generation with Rate Constraint in Public Discussion
Key Generation with Side-information at Eve
Basic Approaches for Key Generation via Wireless Networks
A Joint Source-Channel Key Agreement Protocol
Key Agreement With a Public Channel
Key Agreement Without a Public Channel
Relay-Assisted Key Generation With a Public Channel
Relay-Assisted Key Generation with One Relay
Relay-Assisted Key Generation with Multiple Relays
Relay-Oblivious Key Generation
Key Agreement with the Presence of an Active Attacker
Training Phase
Key Generation Phase
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Secrecy With Feedback
Introduction
The Gaussian Two-Way Wiretap Channel
Achieving Secrecy using Public Discussion
Achieving Secrecy using Cooperative Jamming
Full Duplex Node
Half Duplex Node
Achieving Secrecy through Discussion and Jamming
Jamming with Codewords
Secrecy Through Key Generation
Block Markov Coding Scheme
When the Eavesdropper Channel States Are Not Known
Converse
Outer Bounds
Discussion
Conclusion
Proof of Theorem 5.7.5
Proof of Theorem 5.7.6
References
MIMO Signal Processing Algorithms for Enhanced Physical Layer Security
Introduction
Physical-Layer Security
Signal Processing Aspects
Secrecy Performance Metrics
The Role of CSI
MIMO Wiretap Channels
Complete CSI
Partial CSI
MIMO Wiretap Channel with an External Helper
MIMO Broadcast Channel
MIMO Interference Channel
MIMO Relay Wiretap Networks
Relay-Aided Cooperation
Untrusted Relaying
Conclusions
References
Discriminatory Channel Estimation for Secure Wireless Communication
Introduction
Discriminatory Channel Estimation – Basic Concept
DCE via Feedback and Retraining
Two-Stage Feedback-and-Retraining
Multiple Stage Feedback and Retraining
Simulation Results and Discussions
Discriminatory Channel Estimation via Two-Way Training
Two-Way DCE Design for Reciprocal Channels
Two-Way DCE Design for Non-Reciprocal Channels
Simulation Results and Discussions
Conclusions and Discussions
Acknowledgement
References
Physical Layer Security in OFDMA Networks
Introduction
Related Works on Secure OFDM/OFDMA Networks
Secure OFDM Channel
Secure OFDMA Cellular Networks
Secure OFDMA Relay Networks
Secure OFDM with Implementation Issues
Basics of Resource Allocation for Secret Communications
Power Allocation Law for Secrecy
Multiple Eavesdroppers
Resource Allocation for Physical Layer Security in OFDMA Networks
Problem Formulation
Optimal Policy
Suboptimal Algorithm
Complexity
Numerical Examples
Discussion on False CSI Feedback
Conclusions and Open Issues
References
The Application of Cooperative Transmissions to Secrecy Communications
Introduction
When all Nodes are Equipped with a Single Antenna
Cooperative Jamming
Relay Chatting
MIMO Relay Secrecy Communication Scenarios
When CSI of eavesdroppers Is known
When CSI of eavesdroppers Is unknown
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Game Theory for Physical Layer Security on Interference Channels
Introduction
System Models and Scenarios
Standard MISO Interference Channel
MISO Interference Channel with Private Messages
MISO Interference Channel with Public Feedback and Private Messages
Discussion and Comparison of Scenarios
Non-Cooperative Solutions
Non-Cooperative Games in Strategic Form
Solution for the MISO Interference Channel Scenarios
Cooperative Solutions
Bargaining Solutions
Nash Bargaining Solution
Bargaining Algorithm in the Edgeworth-Box
Walras Equilibrium Solution
Illustrations and Discussions
Comparison of Utility Regions
Non-Cooperative and Cooperative Operating Points
Bargaining Algorithm Behaviour
Conclusions
Appendix: Proofs
Proof of Theorem 10.3.1
Proof of Theorem 10.4.1
Proof of Theorem 10.4.2
Proof of Theorem 10.4.3
References
Ascending Clock Auction for Physical Layer Security
Introduction
Cooperative Jamming for Physical Layer Security
Game Theory Based Jamming Power Allocation
Ascending Auctions
Chapter Outline
System Model and Problem Formulation
System Model
Source’s Utility Function
Jammer’s Utility Function
Auction-Based Jamming Power Allocation Schemes
Power Allocation Scheme based on Single Object Pay-as-Bid Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-S)
Power Allocation Scheme based on Traditional Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-T)
Power Allocation Scheme based on Alternative Ascending Clock Auction (P-ACA-A)
Properties of the Proposed Auction-Based Power Allocation Schemes
Optimal Jamming Power for Each Source
Convergence
Cheat-Proof
Social Welfare Maximization
Complexity and Overhead
Conclusions and Open Issues
References
Relay and Jammer Cooperation as a Coalitional Game
Introduction
Cooperative Relaying and Cooperative Jamming
Relay and Jammer Selection
Coalitional Game Theory
Chapter Outline
System Model and Problem Formulation
Relay and Jammer Cooperation as a Coalitional Game
Coalitional Game Definition
Properties of the Proposed Coalitional Game
Coalition Formation Algorithm
Coalition Formation Concepts
Merge-and-Split Coalition Formation Algorithm
Conclusions and Open Issues
References
Stochastic Geometry Approaches to Secrecy in Large Wireless Networks
Introduction
Motivation
Stochastic Geometry Approaches
Secrecy Graph
Network and Graph Model
Local Connectivity Properties
Global Connectivity Properties
Connectivity Enhancements
Secrecy Transmission Capacity
Network Model
Capacity Formulation
Illustrative Example
Current Limitations and Future Directions
References
Physical Layer Secrecy in Large Multi-Hop Wireless Networks
Introduction
Background: Physical-Layer Security in One-Hop Networks
Secure Connectivity: The Secrecy Graph
Secure Capacity
Background: Throughput Scaling in Large Wireless Networks
Secrecy Scaling with Known Eavesdropper Location
Secrecy Scaling with Unknown Eavesdropper Locations
Conclusion and Future Work
Acknowledgement
References
Biography
Xiangyun Zhou is a Lecturer at the Australian National University. He received the B.E. (hons.) degree in electronics and telecommunications engineering and the Ph.D. degree in telecommunications engineering from the ANU in 2007 and 2010, respectively. From June 2010 to June 2011, he worked as a postdoctoral fellow at UNIK - University Graduate Center, University of Oslo, Norway. His research interests are in the fields of communication theory and wireless networks, including MIMO systems, relay and cooperative communications, heterogeneous and small cell networks, ad hoc and sensor wireless networks, physical layer security, and wireless power transfer. Dr. Zhou serves on the editorial boards of Security and Communication Networks (Wiley) and Ad Hoc & Sensor Wireless Networks. He was the organizer and chair of the special session on "Stochastic Geometry and Random Networks" in 2013 Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. He has also served as the TPC member of major IEEE conferences. He is a recipient of the Best Paper Award at the 2011 IEEE International Conference on Communications.
Lingyang Song is a Professor at Peking University, China. He received his PhD from the University of York, UK, in 2007, where he received the K. M. Stott Prize for excellent research. He worked as a postdoctoral research fellow at the University of Oslo, Norway, and Harvard University, until rejoining Philips Research UK in March 2008. In May 2009, he joined the School of Electronics Engineering and Computer Science, Peking University, China, as a full professor. His main research interests include MIMO, OFDM, cooperative communications, cognitive radio, physical layer security, game theory, and wireless ad hoc/sensor networks. He is co-inventor of a number of patents (standard contributions), and author or co-author of over 100 journal and conference papers. He is the co-editor of two books, "Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-Fundamentals and Applications" and "Evolved Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS and LTE", published by Auerbach Publications, CRC Press, USA. Dr. Song received several Best Paper Awards, including one in IEEE International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM 2007), one in the First IEEE International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC 2012), one in the 7th International Conference on Communications and Networking in China (ChinaCom2012), and one in IEEE Wireless Communication and Networking Conference (WCNC2012). Dr. Song is currently on the Editorial Board of IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, Journal of Network and Computer Applications, and IET Communications. He is the recipient of 2012 IEEE Asia Pacific (AP) Young Researcher Award.
Yan Zhang received a Ph.D. degree from Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. Since August 2006 he has been working with Simula Research Laboratory, Norway. He is currently a senior research scientist at Simula Research Laboratory. He is an associate professor (part-time) at the University of Oslo, Norway. He is a regional editor, associate editor, on the editorial board, or guest editor of a number of international journals. He is currently serving as Book Series Editor for the book series on Wireless Networks and Mobile Communications (Auerbach Publications, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group). He has served or is serving as organizing committee chair for many international conferences, including AINA 2011, WICON 2010, IWCMC 2010/2009, BODYNETS 2010, BROADNETS 2009, ACM MobiHoc 2008, IEEE ISM 2007, and CHINACOM 2009/2008. His research interests include resource, mobility, spectrum, energy, and data management in wireless communications and networking.
