1st Edition
Polarization and Consensus-Building in Israel The Center Cannot Hold
This edited volume examines the most pressing social and political issues confronting Israel from a multidisciplinary perspective, focusing on the breakdown of social solidarity and the inability to formulate consensus.
The contributors – encompassing political scientists, historians, communication researchers, sociologists, economists, and educators – focus on specific topics that serve as exemplary cases of various trends of consensus and polarization. These trends are examined in the context of ideological, religious, economic, national, and ethnic cleavages. In addition, this volume analyzes how political actors’ preference for “non-decision” on various issues has resulted in the maintenance of a status quo, with cleavages or conflicts being neither mitigated nor polarized. Together, this collection of articles paints a picture of Israel as a state racked by increasing polarization along ideological and religious lines. It is argued that this difficulty in determining a consensual definition of the state threatens to destroy social solidarity in Israel altogether, a climate in which “the center cannot hold.”
This book is essential reading for anyone seeking to understand the major internal threats to Israel’s self-definition as a Jewish-democratic state and will also appeal to sociologists and political scientists interested in global polarization trends.
Introduction
Part I: Polarization Trends
1. The Great Division: The Fateful Polarization of (Jewish) Israeli Society in the 1980s
Paul Scham
2. The Political Polarization Surrounding the Oslo Accords and the National Religious Party in Israel
Aharon (Roni) Kampinsky
3. To Drink or to Boycott? Israel's Borders, the BDS Movement, and the Case of SodaStream
Noy Assraf and Omri Shamir
4. A Summary of the Relationships between the Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI and the Jewish People: Closer Theological Relations, Conflicting Political Relations
Eliav Taub
5. The Two Ongoing Narratives and Current Disputes on the Affair of "The Missing Yemenite Children" in Israel
Dov Levitan
6. An Examination of the Liberal-Conservative Polarization in Mediated Discourse on Civic Studies in Israel
Michal Neubauer-Shani and Elie Friedman
Part II: Consensus Trends and Consensus-Building
7. Government by Consensus? A Comparison of the Alignment-Likud (1984-1988) and the Likud-Blue and White (2020) National Unity Coalitions
Csaba Nikolenyi
8. Israel’s Secular-Religious Cleavage: Postsecular Genealogies and Remedies
David Barak-Gorodetsky and Ofer Zalzberg
9. The Politics of Arab Israelis: The Quest for Legitimacy
Yitzhak Reiter and Victoria Feher
10. Adversarial Heritage as Consensus Heritage in a Jewish City: Arab Heritage Preservation in Ashkelon
Avraham (Avi) Sasson
Part III: The Middle Ground – The Maintenance of the Status Quo
11. Israel's First Antitrust Law, the Agricultural Exemption, and the Mapai-Right Liberal Rift
Eli Goldstein and Daniel Schiffman
12. The Controversy Surrounding Prime Minister Netanyahu’s Position Regarding the Two-State Solution – Background and Implications
Zaki Shalom
13. Polarization, Integration & Moderation: The Case of Ra’am
Anwar Mhajne
14. When State Meets Community: Trends of Consensus and Polarization - COVID-19 and Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel
Shlomi Doron
15. Visible, Blurred or Concealed: Religion and Gender in 21st Century Textbooks
Zehavit Schenkolewski
Biography
Elie Friedman is the Head of the Communication Division at the Multidisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College, as well as an adjunct lecturer at Bar-Ilan University and a visiting lecturer at the University of Maryland. His interests include political discourse with an emphasis on conflict resolution and polarization processes.
Michal Neubauer-Shani is a senior lecturer at the Department of Politics and Governance, and the Multidisciplinary Department of Social Sciences, Ashkelon Academic College. Her research focuses on Public Policy and State-Religion relations. She also addresses the issues of religious feminism and civics studies.
Paul Scham is the Director of the Gildenhorn Institute for Israel Studies at the University of Maryland and Associate Research Professor of Israel Studies. From 2011 to 2021, he edited the Israel Studies Review and he has co-edited Shared Histories: A Palestinian–Israeli Dialogue (2005) and Shared Narratives (2011). His research interests include Israeli and Palestinian historical narratives, Hamas, Jordan, and the religious right in Israel.
"Ever since its establishment, Israel has faced the simultaneous influence of conflicting centripetal and centrifugal political forces. In recent years both the nature and the impact of such tendencies seem to differ dramatically from the past. This important volume provides an interesting multidisciplinary perspective on these trends, challenging certain assumptions, and providing fresh ideas for consensus-building within the context of recent emboldened polarization."
Professor (Emeritus) Avraham Diskin, Department of Political Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
"The issue examined in this volume – processes of polarization and agreement in Israeli society – is likely the most important issue for the future of the state, certainly within the context of domestic affairs. This book offers a range of viewpoints on the subject: from issues that are experiencing increasing polarization, to issues in which the phenomenon is lessening, to issues in which a strategy of indecision between the two poles is being implemented. The volume indicates that the issues for which polarization is deepening, and those for which a strategy of indecision is being implemented, are more substantial than those in which polarization is lessening – illustrating a phenomenon of an increasing breakdown of solidarity in Israeli society. This is an important and thought-provoking volume, particularly for readers who take an active part in public debate and have the ability to impact the future of the issues examined in this book."
Yair Sheleg, Research Associate at the Shalom Hartman Institute and journalist at Makor Rishon
"Paul Scham, Elie Friedman, and Michal Neubauer-Shani have edited a timely, thought-provoking book theorizing the conditions that foster consensus-building in polarized societies. With fifteen contributors from six different disciplinary backgrounds, the collection presents an exciting array of perspectives examining a range of issues and institutions within Israel, each located on the tectonic fault lines of ideological, religious, economic, national, and ethnic divides within the society. This book not only deepens the understanding of Israeli politics and society but serves as a lens through which many other political cultures, each facing similar challenges of increased polarization, can be analyzed and compared."
Professor Yael Aronoff, Professor of Political Science and International Relations at James Madison College; Director of the Michael and Elaine Serling Institute for Jewish Studies and Modern Israel; Serling Chair of Israel Studies, Michigan State University
