1st Edition
Risk Assessment and Security for Pipelines, Tunnels, and Underground Rail and Transit Operations
Risk Assessment and Security for Pipelines, Tunnels, and Underground Rail and Transit Operations details a quantitative risk assessment methodology for systematically analyzing various alternatives for protecting underground rail, oil and gas pipelines, pipeline freight transportation, and other tunnel systems from terrorism threats and other disasters. It examines the engineering, environmental, and economic impacts and addresses both direct and collateral damage.
The book describes how to employ the methodology of quantitative psychology for effectively assessing risk in homeland security, defense actions, and critical infrastructure protection. Using pipelines, tunnels, underground rapid rail, and transit systems as examples, it maintains an emphasis on applying quantitative psychology to risk management in the areas of homeland security and defense.
- Outlines the background and system operations of pipelines, tunnels, underground rail, and transit systems as well as other super-speed futuristic trains
- Covers materials used for fabricating weapons of mass destruction and operations for terrorism
- Deals with the probabilistic risk estimation process, event tree analysis, and fault tree analysis
- Discusses the risk and vulnerability assessment tools and methodologies used by experts and governmental agencies
Approved for public release by the U.S. Federal Government, this book presents regulations, standard processes, and risk assessment models recommended by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security and other federal and state agencies. Describing how to evaluate terrorism threats and warnings, it details protocols for preventive measures and emergency preparedness plans that are based on economic analysis.
With comprehensive coverage that includes risk estimation and risk acceptability analysis, the book provides a foundational understanding of risk and the various defensive systems that can improve safety and security as well as thwart terrorists’ efforts to sabotage critical infrastructure.
Introduction
Background
Risk Acceptability of Terrorism and Disaster
Objective
Scope
Purpose
Hazards, Terrorism, and Weapons of Mass Destruction on Pipelines, Tunnels, and Underground Rail and Transit Systems
Introduction
Terrorism and Disasters against Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail, and Transit Systems
Understanding the Basic Structure of Terror Organization
Basic Recruitment Operations
Terror Aspirant and Self-Radicalization
Terror Member
Terror-Suicide Bomber
Technical Bomb and Improvised Explosive Devices Developer
Terrorists Specializing in Chemical Threat
Terrorists Specializing in Biological Threat
Terrorists Specializing in Radiological and Nuclear Weapons
Terrorist Intelligence Information and Reconnaissance Operation
Terror Planner and Military Operation Planner
Weapons of Mass Destruction
Chemical Explosives
Acetone Peroxide
Ammonium Nitrate
Ammonium Nitrate–Fuel Oil
Cyclonite (RDX)
Dingu and Sorguyl
Hexamethylenetetramine Dinitrate
Hexanitroazobenzene
Hexanitrodiphenylamine
Hexanitrohexaazalsowurtzitane
Lead Azide
Lead Styphnate
Mercury(II) Fulminate
Nitrocellulose
Nitroglycerin
Octagen (HMX)
Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate
Picric Acid
Plastic Explosives
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Mechanical Components and Applications of Chemical Explosives
Alginates
Aluminum Powder
Base Charge
Blasting Caps
Blasting Galvanometer
Blasting Machine
Blast Meters and Boosters
Bridgewire Detonator
Brisance
Deflagration
Delay Time and Element
Detonation
Shock Wave
Detonation Wave Theory
Selective Detonation
Sympathetic Detonation
Detonation Development Distance
Electroexplosive Device
Oxidizer and Oxygen Balance of Explosives
Heat of Explosion
Underwater Detonation
Shock Wave of Underwater Detonation
Gas Bubble
Calculation of Explosives
Hazards of Explosives
Chemical Threats as Poisonous Weapons and Lethal Dose (LD50)
Chemicals’ LD50
Cyanide
Cyanide LD50
Mustard Agents
Nerve Agents
Toxic Industrial Agents
Arsenic
Arsenic LD50
Inorganic Contaminants
Organic Contaminants
Biological Weapons
Radiological and Nuclear Threats
Radiological Dispersion Device
Improvised Nuclear Device
Nuclear Reactor Accident
Nuclear Weapon
Natural Disaster and Hazard
Earthquakes
Extreme Heat
Floods
Hurricanes
Landslides and Mudslides
Tornadoes
Tsunami
Volcanoes
Wildfires
Winter Weather
Lightning
Avalanches
Ultraviolet
Space Weather
Cyberterrorism
Implications
References
Introduction to Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail and Transit Operations, Terrorism, and Disasters
Introduction
Disaster and Acts of Terrorism against Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail, and Transit Systems
Security for Hazardous and Radioactive Material Transport Systems
Fire, Explosion, and Detonation
Vapor Cloud Explosion and Jet Flames
Flash Point
Flammability Range
Autoignition Temperature
Flame Speed and Burning Velocity
Pool Fires
Emission and Dispersion
Dispersion Situation: Buoyancy Effects
Dispersion Situation: Momentum Effects
Dispersion Situation: Source Terms
Dispersion Situation: Source Elevation
Dispersion Situation: Meteorology and Topography
Dispersion Situation: Building and Obstructions
High Toxic Release
Dust and Fragment Explosion
Explosion Process3.2.6 Freight Capsule or Vessel Burst Pressure and Energy Distribution
Explosion Destruction by Missiles
Sources, Types, and Propagation of Missiles
Number and Size of Missiles
Velocity of Missiles
Angle of Departure of Missiles
Shape, Air Resistance, and Flight of Missiles
Flying Glass
Falling Masonry and Glass
Underground Freight Transportation through Pipelines, Tubular Rail, and Magnetic Levitation
Automated Transportation System
Automated Transportation Logistic System
Underground Transportation Logistic System
Pneumatic Capsule Pipeline for Underground Freight
CargoCap
Underground Container and Capsule Transport Systems
Tubular Rail
Magnetic Levitation Transportation System
Railroad and Railway Systems
Oil, Gas, and Other Hazardous Liquid Pipelines
Unregulated Hazardous Material Liquid Pipelines
Underwater/Immersed Tunnel and Cross-River Tunnel
Transportation Tunnels
Road Tunnels
Transit and Rail Tunnels
Mine Tunnel
Drainage Tunnel
Aqueducts
Defense and Warfare Tunnels
Illegal Underground Tunnels
Implication
References
Risk and Vulnerability Assessment
Introduction
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Risk Analysis and Management
Risk Matrices
FMECAs, FMEAs, and Fault Trees
NASA Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Standard Homeland Security Risk Assessment and RAMCAP Plus Processes
Fatalities and Serious Injuries
Financial and Economic Impacts
Vulnerability Analysis
Threat Assessment
Risk and Resilience Assessment
Risk and Resilience Management
Department of Defense Risk Assessment and Management
Risk Reporting Matrix
Security Risk Categories
CARVER Matrix
Criticality
Accessibility
Recuperability
Vulnerability
Effect
Recognizability
CARVER + Shock
Model-Based Vulnerability Analysis
Freight Assessment System
Federal Emergency Management Agency HAZUS-MH
Security Vulnerability Assessment
Automated Targeting System
ATS-Inbound
ATS-Outbound
ATS-Passenger
ATS-Land
ATS-International
ATS-Trend Analysis and Analytical Selectivity
Sandia National Laboratories Security Risk Assessment Methods
ASME RA-S Probabilistic Risk Assessment
Development of Prospect Theory
Expected Utility Theory
Prospect Theory
Cumulative Prospect Theory
Framing Effects
Nonlinear Preferences
Source Dependence
Risk Seeking
Loss Aversion
Cumulative Prospect Theory
Author’s Thoughts
References
Quantitative Risk Estimation Model for Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rapid Rail, and Transit Systems
Introduction
Elements of Risk Assessment
Risk Estimation Development for Terrorism against Pipelines, Rails, and Tunnels
Risk Estimation Development for Clandestine Fabrication and Transshipment of Weapons of Mass Destruction by Terrorists and Rebellious States to Endangering Homeland Security
Event Tree Analysis
Estimation of Risk and Risk Factors
Calculation of Risk Rate
Life Expectancy Models
Fault Tree Analysis
Example of Event Tree Analysis
Identification of Hazards
Terrorism Intrusion
Flash Fire Probability
Flash Fire: Ignition of Flammable Materials
Detonation of Explosive Devices
Large-Scale WMD Detonation
Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail, and Transit Systems Adjacent to Human Population
Guideway Short Circuit
Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail, and Transit Systems Adjacent to Critical Assets
Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail, and Transit System Rupture
Sensor Failure
Mechanical and Electrical Failure
Capsules, Underground Rail, and Transit System Derailment and Collision
HAZMAT Freight Container and Pipeline Damage, Collapse, and Spill
Risk Index Matrix
Human Injury Risk
Implication
References
Risk Acceptability Analysis Based on Quantitative Psychology of Intuitive Judgments
Introduction
Public Perception of Risk: Quantitative
Psychology of Intuitive Judgment and Cumulative Prospect Theory
Voluntary or Involuntary
Discounting Time
Identifiability of Taking a Statistical Risk
Controllability
Avoidability of Risks
Position in Hierarchy of Consequence
Ordinary or Catastrophic
Natural or Man-Originated
Magnitude of Probability of Occurrence
Strategic Determination of Risk Acceptability
Quantitative Revealed Societal Preference Method
Behavior and Risk Attitude
Establishing Risk Comparison Factors
Controllability of Risks
Perceived Degree of Control
System Control in Risk Reduction
Systemic Control of Risk
Control Factors
Controllability of New Technological Systems
Cost–Benefit Analysis
Prerequisites for Risk Acceptance of Terrorist Attacks and Disaster
Requirement for a Methodology
Establishing the Risk Referent
Multiple Risk Referents
Risk Proportionality Factor Derivation from Risk
References
Risk Proportionality Derating Factors
Degree of Systemic Control
Conversion of a Risk Reference to a Risk Referent
Implication
References
Strategic Intelligence Analysis, Military Support, and Military Intuitive Judgment in Safeguarding Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail and Transit Operations and Homeland
Intelligence Analysis
Standard Intelligence Analysis Cycle
Quantitative Risk Estimation for the Intelligence Analysis of Infrastructure Protection and WMD Mitigation
Intelligence Analysis Development: Risk Estimation Models for Rail System Threat and Intuitive Predictions for the Smuggle of WMD Components and Clandestine Terror-Military Operations
Intelligence Analysis: Event Tree Analysis Model
Perspectives of Risk Acceptability in Strategic Intelligence Analysis
Risk Estimation and Risk Acceptability
Perspectives of Risk Acceptability Analysis for Pipelines, Tunnels, Underground Rail, and Transit Systems
Military Intuitive Judgment and Decision-Making Process
Command of the Armed Forces and the Chain of Command
Understanding Military Operations
Requirement of Military Support for Critical Infrastructure and Homeland Security
Intelligence
Northern Command
Department of Defense: Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Incident Response
US Army Chemical Material Agency
US Army Research, Development, and Engineering Command
US Army—20th Support Command Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and High-Yield Explosives Analytical Remediation Activity
US Army: 20th Support Command Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosives
Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical and Biological Defense
National Guard Weapons of Mass Destruction: Civil Support Teams
US Army Special Operations Command
Posse Comitatus Act: USC Title 18, §1385
Insurrection Act: USC Title 10, §331–335, Chapter 15
Military Support to Civilian Authorities: USC Title 10, §371–382, Chapter 18
Military Support: Maintenance of Other Troops: USC Title 32, §109, Chapter 1
National Guard for Homeland Defense Duty: USC Title 32, §904, Chapter 9
Response to Threats of Terrorist Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction: USC Title 50, §2311, Chapter 40
Presidential Policy Directive 8
Manual for Civil Emergencies: DoD3025.1M
Military Support to Civilian Authorities: DoDD 3025.1
Military Assistance to Civilian Authorities: DoDD 3025.15
Implication
References
Preparedness, Preventive, and Defensive Measures
Introduction
National Response Framework
Local Governments
Roles of Chief Elected or Appointed Officials
Roles of Emergency Managers
Roles of Department and Agency Heads
Roles of Individuals and Households
States, Territories, and Tribal Governments
Roles of the Governor
Roles of the State Homeland Security Adviser
Roles of the Director of the State Emergency Management Agency
Roles of Other State Departments and Agencies
Roles of Indian Tribes
Roles of Tribal Leaders
Federal Government
Role of the Secretary of Homeland Security
Law Enforcement
National Defense and Defense Support of Civil Authorities
International Coordination
Intelligence
Private Sector and Nongovernmental Organizations
Roles of Private Sector
Roles of Nongovernmental Organizations
Roles of Volunteers and Donors
Emergency Preparedness
Planning
Organization
Equipment
Training
Exercises, Evaluation, and Improvement
Response
Baseline Priorities
Local, Tribal, and State Actions
Federal Actions
Alerts
Operations Center
Activate and Deploy Resources
Proactive Response to Catastrophic Incidents
Recovery
Preventive and Defensive Measures
Oil and Gas Pipeline Protection
Road, Highway, and Rail Tunnel Protection
Fire and Emergency Response
Preventive Systems for Road and Highway Tunnels
Preventive Measures for Terrorism
Minimum Standard Preventive Measures
High Standard Preventive Measures
System Protection Interoperability for Road, Highway, and Rail Tunnels
Emergency Responders and Operating Procedures
Engineering and Salient Features of Technological Systems
Mine Tunnels Hazard Prevention
Lighting in Mine Tunnel
Emergency Supply Facilities
Thermal Stress
Access
Well-Being Monitoring
Training
Personal Safety Devices and Accessories
Surface Area Boundary Planning and Design
Hazard, Vulnerability, and Risk Management of Mine Tunnels
Hazardous Substances
Fire and Explosion
Heating and Inundation
Outburst and Rockburst
Strata Control in Mine Tunnel
Mine Tunnel Explosive Materials Handling
Mine Tunnel Ventilation
Mine Tunnel Ventilation System Planning
Airways, Air Crossings, and Stoppings
Mine Tunnel Emergency Response: Fire Control and General Emergency Systems
Approaches for the Detection of Illegal Tunnels by Other Experts
Ground-Penetrating Radar
Seismic Waves
Electrical Resistivity
Microgravity and Gravity Surveying
Cosmic Rays
Cross-Well Radar
High-Resolution Seismic Methods
Approach to the Tunnel Detection Agent-Based Model
Electromagnetic Induction
Tunnel Detection Using Forward Scatter between Borehole Signal Sources
Fiber-Based Brillouin Optical Time Domain Reflectometry
Approaches for the Detection of Land Mines and Improvised Explosive Devices by Other Experts
Weapons Technological Intelligence
Ultra-Wideband Microwave Technology
Foot Patrols
Lasers to Find Land Mines and IEDs
Laser Drilling and Analyzing System
Terahertz Quantum Cascade Lasers
Dogs for IED Detectors
Radio Signal
Talon II Remote-Controlled Robot/Intelligent Robots
Mine Clearing Line Charge
Countering Nuclear and Radiological Threats
Mother Nature and Intelligent-Improvised Explosive Devices to Defeat the Low-Tech IEDs, Land Mines, Other Hidden Weapons, and the Enemy
Author’s Thoughts
References
Index
Biography
Anna M. Doro-on