1st Edition
Species Problems and Beyond Contemporary Issues in Philosophy and Practice
Species Problems and Beyond offers a collection of up-to-date essays discussing from an interdisciplinary perspective the many ramifications of the ‘Species Problem.’ The authors represent experts in the philosophy of biology, in species-level evolutionary investigations, and in biodiversity studies and conservation. Some of the topics addressed concern the context sensitivity of the term ‘species’; species as individuals, processes, natural kinds, or as ‘operative concepts’; species delimitation in the age of Big (genomic) Data; and taxonomic inflation and its consequences for conservation strategies. The carefully edited volume will be an invaluable resource for philosophers of biology and evolutionary biologists alike.
– Olivier Rieppel, Rowe Family Curator of Evolutionary Biology, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, USA
Species, or ‘the Species Problem’, is a topic in science, in the philosophy of science, and in general philosophy. In fact, it encompasses many aspects of the same problem, and these are dealt with in this volume. Species are often thought of as fundamental units of biological matter to be used in ecology, conservation, classification, and biodiversity. The chapters in this book present opposing views on the current philosophical and conceptual issues of the Species Problem in biology.
Divided into four sections, Concepts and Theories, Practice and Methods, Ranks and Trees and Names, and Metaphysics and Epistemologies, the book is authored by biologists, philosophers, and historians, many leaders in their fields. Topics include ontology of species, definitions of both species category and units, species rank, speciation issues, nomenclature, ecology, and species conservation.
Species Problems and Beyond aims to clarify the contemporary issues of the Species Problem. It is ideal for use in upper-level seminars and courses in Evolutionary Biology, Philosophy of Science, Philosophy of Biology, Systematics and Taxonomy, and Phylogenetics/Cladistics, and for any scholar in these fields.
Section 1. Concepts and theories
Chapter 1. We Are Nearly Ready to Begin the Species Problem
Matthew J. Barker
Chapter 2. Is the Species Problem That Important?
Yuichi Amitani
Chapter 3. ‘Species’ as a technical term: Multiple meanings in practice, one idea in theory
Thomas A.C. Reydon
Chapter 4. What Should Species Be? Taxonomic Inflation and the Ethics of Splitting and Lumping
Jay Odenbaugh
Chapter 5. The Good Species
John S. Wilkins
Section 2. Practice and methods
Chapter 6. Species in the Time of Big Data: The Multi-species Coalescent, the General Lineage Concept, and Species Delimitation
Aleta Quinn
Chapter 7. Species delimitation using molecular data
Megan L. Smith, Bryan C. Carstens
Chapter 8. Taxonomic order, disorder and governance
Stijn Conix, Stephen T. Garnett, Frank E. Zachos, Les Christidis
Section 3. Ranks and trees and names
Chapter 9. Ecology, evolution, and systematics in a post-species world
Brent D. Mishler
Chapter 10. The species before and after Linnaeus – tension between disciplinary nomadism and conservative nomenclature
Alessandro Minelli
Chapter 11. Taxonomic hierarchies as a tool for coping with the complexity of biodiversity
Julia D. Sigwart
Section 4. Metaphysics and epistemologies
Chapter 12. The species problem from a conceptualist’s viewpoint
Igor Ya. Pavlinov
Chapter 13. (Some) Species are Processes
John Dupré
Chapter 14. Metaphysical presuppositions about species stability: problematic and unavoidable
Catherine Kendig
Chapter 15. Critique of taxonomic reason(ing): nature’s joints in light of an ‘Honest’ Species Concept and Kurt Hübner’s historistic philosophy of science
Frank E. Zachos
Afterword
Chapter 16. Continuing After Species: An Afterword
Robert A. Wilson
Biography
John Wilkins did his PhD at the University of Melbourne. He has since researched and taught at the University of Queensland, the University of Sydney, the University of New South Wales, and the University of Melbourne. He has published several books: Species: A History of the Idea (2009) and its successor Species: The Evolution of the Idea (2018), Defining Species (2009), The Nature of Classification (2013, with Malte C. Ebach), and edited Intelligent Design and Religion as a Natural Phenomenon (2010). John is currently Subject Coordinator at the University of Melbourne School of Historical and Philosophical Studies, where he has previously been a research fellow. His interests include species conceptions (obviously), the history of biology, philosophy and sociology of religion, phenomena, evolution, taxonomy and Terry Pratchett’s oeuvre. He has not published on the last listed.
Frank E. Zachos is Head of the Mammal Collection at the Natural History Museum in Vienna, Austria, and an affiliated Professor at the Department of Genetics, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa. His interests include molecular and morphological approaches in microevolutionary studies on mammals, with a taxonomic focus on ungulates, particularly cervids, and birds of prey. He carries out research in the fields of population genetics, molecular (mostly intraspecific) systematics and phylogeography, developmental homeostasis and fluctuating asymmetry as well as conservation genetics and the Quaternary distribution history of mammals and birds. His theoretical interests comprise species concepts, the foundations of taxonomy and systematics and the history and theory of (evolutionary) biology.
Igor Ya. Pavlinov was, until his retirement in 2018, leading researcher and the chief of the Mammal Division at the Zoological Museum at the Lomonosov Moscow State University. His DrS dissertation was "Cladistic approach in phylogenetics and taxonomy: theoretical foundations of evolutionary cladistics" (1997). He is still affiliated with the Zoological Museum, where he is a curator of mammals. His principal research interests are in theoretical taxonomy and phylogenetics, systematics of mammals (mainly rodents), morphometrics.
Species Problems and Beyond offers a collection of up-to-date essays discussing from an interdisciplinary perspective the many ramifications of the ‘Species Problem.’ The authors represent experts in the philosophy of biology, in species-level evolutionary investigations, and in biodiversity studies and conservation. Some of the topics addressed concern the context sensitivity of the term ‘species’; species as individuals, processes, natural kinds, or as ‘operative concepts’; species delimitation in the age of Big (genomic) Data; and taxonomic inflation and its consequences for conservation strategies. The carefully edited volume will be an invaluable resource for philosophers of biology and evolutionary biologists alike.
-- Olivier Rieppel, Rowe Family Curator of Evolutionary Biology, Negaunee Integrative Research Center, Field Museum, USA
The idea of species, and the things in nature we call species, are foundational concepts in ecology and evolutionary biology, and central to our understanding of the natural world and how it is organized. This book brings philosophers and biologists together to drill down on the nature of species. It demonstrates that the problem of species, and its role in biological theory and practice, is more complex than most biologists realize, and it also highlights the spectrum of insights, and differences, that philosophers bring to this problem. It articulates new perspectives for both disciplines.
-- Joel Cracraft, Lamont Curator and Curator-in-Charge, Department of Ornithology, American Museum of Natural History, USA
Just when we thought there was noting more to say about 'the species problem,' this volume presents us with new approaches and reopens old debates in fruitful ways. By broadening the context to 'species problems and beyond,' the diverse contributions in this edited collection allows philosophers to reconsider classic debates and concepts in this domain but also provides perspectives on parallel debates within biological practices as well as critical historical reflections. This may be the volume that helps even those of us who tend to (productively) dislike these debates to grapple anew with species problems.
-- Rachel A. Ankeny, Professor, School of Humanities, The University of Adelaide, Australia
What is the species problem? Is it one problem, or several? Has it been solved, or, are we just getting started? If these questions are of interest to you, this is a fantastic place to start. The volume is composed of essays by scholars at the leading edge of their field. The authors are - by and large - philosophers of science, but it is a book that should be of interest to both philosophers and biologists. The "species problem" as it’s become known, is actually several problems, and the editors and authors deftly parse these problems, setting out competing solutions, and offering novel perspectives, and considering wider implications, such as concerning conservation. I highly recommend the volume to faculty, graduate students, and scholars with interests in species, conservation, metaphysics, and conceptual change in science, more generally.
-- Anya Plutynski, Washington University in St. Louis, US
This volume, edited by John Wilkins, Frank Zachos and Igor Pavlinov, is the latest contribution to the long-running debates about the species problem—the use of multiple conflicting species concepts in biological classification, and a cluster of related philosophical, theoretical and practical problems. It begins with a 5-page introductory chapter by the editors that gives some historical background and a preview of the following chapters. The remainder of the volume is divided into four sections:“Concepts and Theories,” “Practice and Methods,” “Ranks and Trees and Names,”and “Metaphysics and Epistemologies.” As these section titles indicate, it covers a lot of ground. And it does so with some well-known participants in the species debates. There is much of value here, and by some important figures in the debate, but there is also a philosophical confusion lurking behind much of the discussion.
-- Richard A. Richards, Department of Philosophy, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
