Liquid-Vapor Phase-Change Phenomena An Introduction to the Thermophysics of Vaporization and Condensation Processes in Heat Transfer Equipment, Third Edition

Preface

Nomenclature

Introductory Remarks

PART 1: THERMODYNAMIC AND MECHANICAL ASPECTS

OF INTERFACIAL PHENOMENA AND PHASE TRANSITIONS

1 The Liquid-Vapor Interfacial Region – A Nanoscale Perspective

1.1 A Molecular Perspective on Liquid-Vapor Transitions

1.2 The Interfacial Region – Molecular Theories of Capillarity

1.3 Nanoscale Features of the Interfacial Region

1.4 Molecular Dynamic Simulation Studies of Interfacial Region Thermophysics

References

Problems

2 The Liquid-Vapor Interface – A Macroscopic Treatment

2.1 Thermodynamic Analysis of Interfacial Tension Effects

2.2 Determination of Interface Shapes at Equilibrium

2.3 Temperature and Surfactant Effects on Interfacial Tension

2.4 Surface Tension in Mixtures

2.5 Near Critical Point Behavior

2.6 Effects of Interfacial Tension Gradients

References

Problems

3 Wetting Phenomena and Contact Angles

3.1 Equilibrium Contact Angles on Smooth Surfaces

3.2 Wettability, Cohesion, and Adhesion

3.3 The Effect of Liquid Surface Tension on Contact Angle

3.4 Adsorption and Spread Thin Films

3.5 Contact-Angle Hysteresis

3.6 Other Metrics for Wettability

3.7 A Nanoscale View of Wettability

3.8 Wetting of Microstructured and Nanostructured Surfaces

References

Problems

4 Transport Effects and Dynamic Behavior of Interfaces

4.1 Transport Boundary Conditions

4.2 Kelvin-Helmholtz and Rayleigh-Taylor Instabilities

4.3 Interface Stability of Liquid Jets

4.4 Waves on Liquid Films

4.5 Interfacial Resistance in Vaporization and Condensation Processes

4.6 Maximum Flux Limitations

References

Problems

　

　

5 Phase Stability and Homogeneous Nucleation

5.1 Metastable States and Phase Stability

5.2 Thermodynamic Aspects of Homogeneous Nucleation in Superheated Liquid

5.3 The Kinetic Limit of Superheat

5.4 Comparison of Theoretical and Measured Superheat Limits

5.5 Thermodynamic Aspects of Homogeneous Nucleation in Supercooled Vapor

5.6 The Kinetic Limit of Supersaturation

5.7 Wall Interaction Effects on Homogeneous Nucleation

References

Problems

PART 2: BOILING AND CONDENSATION NEAR IMMERSED BODIES

6 Heterogeneous Nucleation and Bubble Growth in Liquids

6.1 Heterogeneous Nucleation at a Smooth Interface

6.2 Nucleation from Entrapped Gas or Vapor in Cavities

6.3 Criteria for the Onset of Nucleate Boiling

6.4 Bubble Growth in an Extensive Liquid Pool

6.5 Bubble Growth Near Heated Surfaces

6.6 Bubble Departure Diameter and the Frequency of Bubble Release

References

Problems

7 Pool Boiling

7.1 Regimes of Pool Boiling

7.2 Mechanisms and Models of Transport During Nucleate Boiling

7.3 Correlation of Nucleate Boiling Heat Transfer Data

7.4 Limitations of Nucleate Boiling Processes and the Maximum Heat Flux Transition

7.5 Minimum Heat Flux Conditions

7.6 Film Boiling

7.7 Transition Boiling

References

Problems

8 Other Aspects of Boiling and Evaporation in an Extensive Ambient

8.1 Additional Parametric Effects on Pool Boiling

8.2 The Leidenfrost Phenomenon

8.3 Fluid-Wall Interactions and Disjoining Pressure Effects

8.4 Pool Boiling Heat Transfer On Micro and Nano Structured Surfaces

8.5 Fundamentals of Pool Boiling in Binary Mixtures

References

Problems

9 External Condensation

9.1 Heterogeneous Nucleation in Vapors

9.2 Dropwise Condensation

9.3 Film Condensation on a Flat, Vertical Surface

9.4 Film Condensation on Cylinders and Axisymmetric Bodies

9.5 Effects of Vapor Motion and Interfacial Waves

9.6 Condensation in the Presence of a Noncondensable Gas

9.7 Enhancement of Condensation Heat Transfer

References

Problems

　

PART 3: INTERNAL FLOW CONVECTIVE BOILING AND CONDENSATION

10 Introduction to Two-Phase Flow

10.1 Two-Phase Flow Regimes

10.2 Basic Models and Governing Equations for One-Dimensional Two-Phase Flow

10.3 Determination of the Two-Phase Multiplier and Void Fraction

10.4 Analytical Models of Annular Flow

10.5 Effects of Flow Passage Size and Geometry

References

Problems

11 Internal Convective Condensation

11.1 Regimes of Convective Condensation in Conventional (Macro) Tubes

11.2 Analytical Modeling of Downflow Internal Convective Condensation

11.3 Correlation Methods for Convective Condensation Heat Transfer

11.4 Convective Condensation in Microchannels, Advanced Modeling, and Special Topics

11.5 Internal Convective Condensation of Binary Mixtures

References

Problems

12 Convective Boiling in Tubes and Channels

12.1 Regimes of Convective Boiling in Conventional (Macro) Tubes

12.2 Onset of Boiling in Internal Flows

12.3 Subcooled Flow Boiling

12.4 Saturated Flow Boiling

12.5 Critical Heat Flux Conditions for Internal Flow Boiling

12.6 Post-CHF Internal Flow Boiling

12.7 Internal Flow Boiling in Microchannels and Complex Enhanced Flow Passages

12.9 Internal Flow Boiling of Binary Mixtures

References

Problems

Appendix I Basic Elements of the Kinetic Theory of Gases

Appendix II Saturation Properties of Selected Fluids

Appendix III Analysis Details for the Molecular Theory of Capillarity

Index

Biography

Van P. Carey is a Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department, and holds the A. Richard Newton Chair in Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley. Carey is a Fellow of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and he has served as Chair of the Heat Transfer Division of ASME. Carey has received the James Harry Potter Gold Medal from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2004) for eminent achievement in thermodynamics, the Heat Transfer Memorial Award in the Science category (2007) from the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He is also a three-time recipient of the Hewlett Packard Research Innovation Award for his research on electronics thermal management and energy efficiency (2008, 2009, 2010), and Carey received the 2014 Thermophysics Award from the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.